DISCUSS (242)

Medical & Biology Students Reject Evolution In Favor Of Creationism

Posted by majestic on December 8, 2011

Photograph of Charles Darwin by Maull and Polyblank for the Literary and Scientific Portrait Club (1855)

Charles Darwin. Maull and Polyblank for the Literary and Scientific Portrait Club (1855).

A growing number of biology and medical students are rejecting the very basis of their chosen subject in favor of creationism, reports Steve Jones in the Telegraph:

…Now, though, we have evolution, the grammar of biology. More and more, students do not like it. I no longer teach medics but I do have a lot of contact with biology undergraduates and go to many schools and to student conferences. Over the past decade there has grown up a determined denial by many people of the truths of modern science.

At University College London we have numbers of Islamic students, almost all dedicated, hard-working and able. Some, unfortunately, refuse to accept Darwin’s theory on faith grounds, as do some of their Christian fellows; and just a couple of years ago a Turkish anti-evolution speaker (a Dr Babuna, as I remember) was invited on to campus to give an account of why The Origin is wrong. He was the scion of an extraordinary – and very rich – anti-evolution organisation based in his native land that has sent out thousands of lavishly illustrated creationist books and has linked Darwinism to Nazism and worse.

Much of their propaganda has been lifted from Christian fundamentalism and there is a certain irony in where it has ended up. I have had plenty of verbal complaints from undergraduates of both persuasions that I am demeaning religion, while others ask that they be excused lectures on my subject, or simply fail to turn up.

In schools things are worse: some kids will walk out rather than listen. Their teachers can be just as bad. The most virulent attack I have had in recent years came from a physics teacher in a respected north London state school, who – to the embarrassment of his colleagues – barracked my talk on evolutionary biology with repeated statements that Darwinism contradicted the laws of thermodynamics. I was forced, uncharacteristically, to be rude.

Anyone, of course, is free to believe whatever they wish. But why train to become a biologist, or a doctor, when you deny the very foundations of your subject? …

Read More: Telegraph

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  • http://hormeticminds.blogspot.com/ Chaorder Gradient

    In no way intending to be a copout, the reason is because its complicated. What i mean is, that from the evolutionary perspective there is no “best” what works for one group wont work for another. Even if it could, a tree would never evolve a foot because it would never be useful (well except maybe to kick squirrels for fun). 

    One example is a sea squirt. This has a dual life cycle, the first stage it swims around using its functional nervous system consuming its food etc. In the 2nd stage in its life cycle it implants on a rock, and the first thing it does is digest its own nervous system brain and all, simply because it is unnecessary for life.

    It is so complicated that there is no single direction for “better”. According to evolution theory, believing in the penultimate superiority of humanity is naive(in both the sense that it is as good as it is going to get, or that it is the best direction life could have gone). I do however believe that we have some superiority just as luck would have it, and if we aren’t careful what is most beneficial for “survival” will involve giving up our gifts of intelligence, wisdom, dexterity, grace, etc.

  • ARGUE WITH ME

     But see, that is a generalization that it eats it’s own brain, simply because its unnecessary for life. There is a reason that it does, it serves a function, whether for itself, or for some predator. See, my problem is, I don’t see the logic in after all these years of evolution, that they remain that way. What is holding them back from evolving to eat fish to increase it’s energy intake/ developmental process? I know that there is no single direction for better, but what is determining this sort of predation heirarchy? What is determining what can prey on others, and most importantly how far the prey can evolve in order to not become preyed on anymore? If we were all to be evolving, I feel like there would be a much greater need for many animals to evolve in a way to eliminate their own predation, or to take advantage of the entire environment around them (as in being able to swim, walk, and fly)? We have capabilities in our brain that some can argue are smarter than computers, and to think some how we just arrived with this super-powered brain. If that leads to increased chance of survival, I would feel at least one of all the species would have developed a brain that matches the cognitive benefits that we have as humans.

  • http://www.facebook.com/BrooklynDHM.OG Ricky Yapkowitz

    Evolution is a Scientific Principle, not theory, meaning it has “withstood the test of time” while amassing an overwhelming, preponderance of supporting evidence; theories are still awaiting their time.

  • http://www.facebook.com/BrooklynDHM.OG Ricky Yapkowitz

    You’ve been affected by many evolutionary changes;  bacterial infections you get, associated with colds, are the direct result of micro-organisms having evolved via mutations for centuries.  Surely you’ve “watched” the news as they’ve proclaimed another “anti-biotic resistant” strain of bacteria has been “found;” a direct result of mutation and natural selection, in your lifetime, further adding evidence to the Principle of Evolution.

  • DeepCough

    You’re just cherry-picking logical fallacies because you can’t stand the fact that people don’t worship your primitive deity. All apologies that you can’t live in the 21st century like the rest of us Hominids are doing.

  • DeepCough

    I don’t know why you’re bringing up Australopithecus afarensis (all the while calling me the illiterate one while you’re at it) when I was talking about Australopithecus AFRICANUS, the ancestor that would lead to the Homo genus, of which we modern humans are a part.. Now, after all this butthurt bitching about how you don’t like evolution–because it don’t make no sense at all to you–how about you try to argue for me how your choice of deity made everything in a snap of its fingers? Oh, wait, you can’t do that, because your god works in “mysterious ways,” right?

  • http://www.facebook.com/BrooklynDHM.OG Ricky Yapkowitz

    Mutations of organisms with their associated survival due to natural selection have most certainly been “observed.” For example, bacteria have mutated and been sorted out by natural selection, surviving as anti-biotic resistant, “new” strains;  the Principle of Evolution.

  • http://www.facebook.com/BrooklynDHM.OG Ricky Yapkowitz

    Again, Evolution is a Principle in Science, not a theory (see above.)

  • http://www.facebook.com/BrooklynDHM.OG Ricky Yapkowitz

    Evolution is the accumulated changes over time; the time for which you are referring is on the order of magnitude of millions of years.  If you would have been around for that long a time, then you would have indeed “seen” the “complete(ly) new organism outside of (from) what (organism) it previously ‘was’…” along with the other organisms also “descended” from the same ancestral form.  Furthermore, it must be made perfectly clear, that the present organism NEVER “was” the distant ancestral organism, but via numerous mutations and natural selections evolved into what it is presently.

  • http://hormeticminds.blogspot.com/ Chaorder Gradient

    (Got too squished. moved up to here.)

    I dont know the why, only some of the how. The only thing I can really say is that i find fallacy in the general alpha-dog viewpoint of evolution. I believe theres more to evolutionary mechanics than simple random mutation and natural selection(catastrophe/chaos as an example). In this sense i don’t see all life forms end goal just trying to be the one to eat the next bigger fish. Alternatively in the strictly natural selection sense, not having enough food is not the only way a species can fail.

  • http://hormeticminds.blogspot.com/ Chaorder Gradient

    at the time of this writing it says your comment was posted 19 hours ago?

  • Mysophobe

    I thought we were talking about evolution. That’s really at the heart of it, isn’t it? If science can’t explain everything with 100% certainty, then in your mind all science is in doubt. Informed skepticism is usually a good thing. Skepticism is one of the basic foundations of the scientific method. Skepticism in the hands of a willfully misinformed individual, on the other hand, is just sad. I’ll admit, I have faith in the scientific method. I understand that a contrary theory, however unpopular, would get a fair shake if it was based on solid evidence and sound reasoning. The peer review process essentially begs for up-and-comers to knock down established theories with impunity. Shit, it even happened to Darwin’s Origin. I’m not a scientist, that’s not my job. Nor is it my job to explain to you the deeper meaning behind the latest scientific discoveries. That’s religion’s job. Where religion goes wrong is when it tries to fix the facts to fit it’s own agenda.

  • ARGUE WITH ME

    Have you read the comments on this board? Bacteria obtaining antibiotic resistance or whatever additional characteristic, whether if it is through picking up free dna, conjugation, or natural selection, the bacteria will still remain a bacteria. It’s genome won’t transform into a genome of anything similiar to the likes of a eukaryotic type. It will forever, and ever, remain a bacteria. It might have genetic variations, but these genetic variations will not code for complete physiological functional differences or structures, this has never been witnessed or recorded. There is no proof. Interspecies variation is common knowledge, it has proof. Natural selection has proof. Mutations have proof. But there is no proof, only speculation that we evolved from something non-human. There is no proof that any animal has permanently developed into what we would consider a genomically “new” animal after the process. It is very much a theory, when it comes to the origin of living organisms. It is not a theory that animals/and humans have genetic variabilities that can bring out hidden traits, because regardless, it stays the as the same animal, for that there is proof.

  • ARGUE WITH ME

     See explanation above, or below, your choice

  • Mysophobe

    It could be that atheists aren’t nearly as obsessed with disproving God’s existence as insecure Christians are with proving it. For the record, I would be insecure too in their shoes. When taken literally, the good book has been proven wrong about almost everything, scientifically speaking. Maybe time for a re-write?

  • Mysophobe

    It could be that atheists aren’t nearly as obsessed with disproving God’s existence as insecure Christians are with proving it. For the record, I would be insecure too in their shoes. When taken literally, the good book has been proven wrong about almost everything, scientifically speaking. Maybe time for a re-write?

  • Anonymous

    We have no living ancestors because they evolved. We share an ancestor with chimpanzees, for example. That ancestor species evolved because of environmental changes and small random mutations. Those mutations that helped the species thrive long enough to have offspring were passed on to their offspring. Yet those mutations eventually changed the species enough to make it a different species.

  • ARGUE WITH ME

    Out of millions of years, currently right now, not one single organism out of the millions of species, is currently evolving into a different genome. Standard answer. If you were right, and they did evolve in the origin of life sense, that still doesn’t explain why all the animals didn’t evolve into the “lowest common denominator” that would ensure survival. Or if a variety of different organisms were in the same environment during this evolutionary process, why they don’t all share common characteristics that would give them distinct living advantages in the environment which is represented by natural selection. Why is there so much variability in what is “best” for an organism, when it is clear that having legs, wings, fins, and gils, at the same time would be the most advantagous? They have had millions upon millions of years to develop, plenty of enough time. So why not? Or, it doesn’t give rise to the idea of a sparrow. Why, after all those years, wouldn’t a sparrow find it advantageous to evolve to be a bigger bird so its not prey for every eagle? What is determining what organisms can evolve into a predator status? What is determining which animals cannot evolve their way out of predation?
    Im getting the idea that it is kind of like skin tone, there is that classic idea that sooner or later interracial relationships will eventually eliminate difference in color, and everyone will be “grey.” (I don’t particularly know if that is actually possible but its the concept). So why after all that time, is there not a “grey” phenotypic trait that ensures ultimate survival in the environment that is shared between all organisms, thus eliminating all other organisms not sharing it through natural selection?
    Why, is our brain cognitively superior than all the others? It is a living advantage to be cognitively enhanced, so why isn’t there at least one more animal that shares this trait? Not one animal ever happened to cross paths with what ever we crossed (pre-evolution) that would give an organism superior cognitive abilities?
    No other animal, besides primates, happened to grow a mutation out of all those years that would give them opposable thumbs? Why is their such a distinct difference in advantageous traits? Why isn’t their a very random inferior animal that happened to evolve to oposable thumbs? Did humans and primates take up all the oposable thumb DNA?
    What is it that was guiding the most basic unit of life through species development, determining the non-essential “extra characteristics” that are displayed such as color, color of beaks, the conditioned variability of eye color, hair/fur textures, position of noses, ect

  • Mysophobe

    “Everyone is saying that we’re…so smart that we can predict for 100% certainty where we came from.”

    No. No one is saying that. Every theory is uncertain. Although some are more uncertain than others.

  • Mysophobe

    Being that it’s apparently lifted directly from a creationist website and referenced by no reputable source, no, it’s probably not valid. I could find no corroborating narrative regarding “Lucy” from a non-creationist source. Angela and Johanson appear to express no such doubts in their later work. In fact, later similar fossil discoveries confirmed that Lovejoy’s find was indeed a distinct transitional species. Get with the times.

  • ARGUE WITH ME

    “A reasonable assessment of the fossils of Australopithecus africanus and her “older” cousin, Afarensis,
    is that they were no more than an extinct subspecies of the ape family.
    Modern apes differ anatomically. For example, a gorilla is not
    anatomically the same as an orangutan. Why do we assume that ancient
    apes are any different? Zoologists do
    not consider variation in skeletal structure in modern apes as an
    indication that one ape is more highly evolved than another.”

    australopithecus afarensis evolved into an
    australopithecus africanus, which evolved into an australopithecus
    boisei, which evolved into homo-habillis, which evolved into
    homo-erectus…
    so…brings me too…
    “Even Lovejoy could not mutilate the evidence enough to enlarge the birth
    canal. It would not have been physically possible for Lucy to give
    birth to a large brained child. Giving birth to such a child would
    eventually be necessary if Australopithecus afarensis were going to
    mutate into
    the next evolutionary stage. Johanson explains this dilemma as “the sacrum
    (tail bone) had to narrow throughout human evolution while another of
    our adaptive landmarks, larger brains, evolved. Lucy’s wider sacrum and
    shallower pelvis gave her a smaller, kidney-shaped birth canal, compared
    to that of modern humans.
    In other words, Lucy could only have given birth to an ape.”

    As well as this still doesn’t resolve, how the most basic unit of life first starts to grow a head, a brain, reproductive systems ect.? How were we to evolve into anything human like if the reproductive system takes to time evolve?

  • ARGUE WITH ME

    Scientifally speaking, whats wrong in the bible? Insecure christians? Is this not a website called disinfo, with the title discussing how they don’t understand why creationists would study biology if they can’t accept that we came from something that doesn’t resemble humans; so i feel this is the proper place to discuss this

  • ARGUE WITH ME

    then they both require faith, because they both aren’t 100% provable, there is always something you have to overlook which requires faith. Making both science and Christianity, a religion. Therefore, why would it be required to learn the orgin of creation via evolutionism which is a theory, to practice a real science that has proof.

  • ARGUE WITH ME

    I don’t see all life forms end goal just trying to be the one to eat the next bigger fish either. I feel that their end goal is to have maximum efficacy at survival. And it happens, that you can’t reach that level until you are at the top of the food chain, so it would be a side-effect if you will for the need to eat the next bigger fish in order to increase the chance for survival. The most basic instinct is the desire to survive, is it not?

  • ARGUE WITH ME

    “The reconstructed pelvis of the Australopithecine (the genus preceding
    Homo) dubbed Lucy, who is about 3.5 million years old, indicates that
    she could have delivered a baby the size of a newborn chimpanzee, report
    anthropologists Robert Tague and C. Owen Lovejoy of Kent (Ohio) State
    University. But giving birth would not have been as easy for Lucy as
    some researchers have suggested, said Tague last week at the annual
    meeting of the American Anthropological Association (AAA) in Washington,
    D.C. ”

    If you are stuck in this evolutionary stage for so long, this would mean a much less chance for reproduction, less chance for survival of the baby, less chance for survival of the mother, not to mention later in the article it says that if it did have a baby, it would require extensive care, that of a normal baby, after the delivery. This doesn’t sound just a little bit like “come on how can we get this lucky” to survive this evolutionary step as a species?

  • ARGUE WITH ME

    Ya alright (sarcasm ensuing) : Because that last comment I made must have made no sense at all

  • ARGUE WITH ME

     Where are you getting these assumptions that religions is trying to fix the facts to fit it’s own agenda? Religion completely agrees with facts. It doesn’t say in the bible gravity is fake, that God holds everyone down with his mind. Its a scientific theory, that went through a scientific process, and is acceptable. There is proof of what goes up comes down. There is no proof intra-genome evolution. Which is the typical evolution origin argument. Regardless of any Lucy and its controversy, there is still nothing explaining how that came to be. When was the step that piece of organic nothing grew a functional head? Thats not possible. I 100% complete definitive science, no skepticism here. Just skeptical about claims that cannot be proven, and we are bashed on our heads by supposed academics until we finally make the belief-leap of if inter-species mutations exist, then we must have an origin from intra-genomic mutations.
    There are so many developmental fallacies in this idea of evolution in the idea of nothing to something functional. Yet everyone believes. How would have an organic nothing even fathom the creation of a functional head? What is giving it this idea that this is what it needs to do to survive.

  • Allthepowerintheworld

    At this point in time both theories seem to have become super religions.  You see propaganda for both of them.  Altering the human pysche on a mass scale is the goal of both.  And to achieve such a goal it will come down to who has the supporters with the most cash.  Scientists aren’t always right but then again neither are religious nutcases.  The beauty of it is that both have potential to sway the masses and potentially steer the course of future.  And the media is the vehicle for it. 

  • Allthepowerintheworld

    At this point in time both theories seem to have become super religions.  You see propaganda for both of them.  Altering the human pysche on a mass scale is the goal of both.  And to achieve such a goal it will come down to who has the supporters with the most cash.  Scientists aren’t always right but then again neither are religious nutcases.  The beauty of it is that both have potential to sway the masses and potentially steer the course of future.  And the media is the vehicle for it. 

  • Tuna Ghost

    what about when the speciation leads to a species that, while similar, can no longer procreate with the species that spawned it?  Why are you under the impression that you are able to dictate the terms of what is and is not evolution? 

    Years ago, scientists were theorizing that birds were the descendants of dinosaurs.  The old guard said that was ridiculous, that while the fossil record showed many similarities there would have to be some fossil showing a dinosaur with feathers for anyone to ever seriously entertain the notion, which would never happen because its a stupid idea.  In fact, if one uses the scientific method, then one would have to find such a fossil for the theory to be tenable, but it’ll never happen, the old guard said, because its a stupid idea.  Then they started finding fossils of dinosaurs with feathers.  

  • Tuna Ghost

    what about when the speciation leads to a species that, while similar, can no longer procreate with the species that spawned it?  Why are you under the impression that you are able to dictate the terms of what is and is not evolution? 

    Years ago, scientists were theorizing that birds were the descendants of dinosaurs.  The old guard said that was ridiculous, that while the fossil record showed many similarities there would have to be some fossil showing a dinosaur with feathers for anyone to ever seriously entertain the notion, which would never happen because its a stupid idea.  In fact, if one uses the scientific method, then one would have to find such a fossil for the theory to be tenable, but it’ll never happen, the old guard said, because its a stupid idea.  Then they started finding fossils of dinosaurs with feathers.  

  • ARGUE WITH ME

    A mule cannot breed with anything.

    As for dinosaurs, if that is right or not, the concept of it looking similar and it being directly related cannot be taken as fact.

  • Jordantyl
  • Tuna Ghost

    No, it sounds like some researchers claimed giving birth would have been easy and some others suggested it would have been not as easy as those researchers claimed.  In fact, that is the literal definition of the sentence you quoted.  

    You are really, really reaching now, aren’t you?  

  • Tuna Ghost

    What do you mean by “completely new”?  Several seemingly different species have very, very similar DNA.  What differences are you looking for?  You keep moving the goalposts.

  • Tuna Ghost

    What do you mean by “completely new”?  Several seemingly different species have very, very similar DNA.  What differences are you looking for?  You keep moving the goalposts.

  • Tuna Ghost

    I am aware that species can transform into another species, but its still within the same genome, and 99% of the time its between closely related species.
    Moving goalposts.  Anyway, with each successive generation the species moves further and further away from the one that spawned it.  So give that a billion years and yeah, you’re gonna get walking fish.

    The leap from prokaryotic to eukaryotic was one of those 1% chances you imply in the sentence I quoted.  Our own mitochondria is evidence of that happening; evidence we don’t really need because we’ve seen symbiotic relationships with single celled organisms develop.  

  • Tuna Ghost

    species don’t have “permanent functions”.  Some organs do, like, you know, your appendix.  And evolution can make those organs redundant or useless.  Like your appendix.  

    No one is talking about genetic activation.  When are you going to acknowledge that speciation is the spawning of a new species?  Because a cricket doesn’t turn into a poodle, you don’t call it evolution?  C’mon guy.  

  • Tuna Ghost

    I was about to note the extreme invalidity of this, but Mysophobe beat me to it.

  • Mysophobe

    I know, it’s disappointing that Lucy could only give birth to a baby Lucy, rather than some Lucy-human hybrid. That is putting a lot of pressure on her though, asking that she be solely responsible for birthing yet another immediate transitional species. Seriously though, 3.5 million years is a looooong time. 220,000 sixteen year long generations. There’s no rush. And who says the human brain is required to evolve before the body does? I think you’re also reading in a bit with the Tague quote: “Giving birth would not have been as easy for Lucy as some researchers have suggested” is kind of a meaningless statement, and does not imply that birthing was particularly difficult, or support your implication that it and the lack of a human sized brain indicates low survivability of the species. You must realize that it’s amazing we found just one example of a Lucy 3.5 million years later. There must have been thousands of them at least. Besides, who says Lucy is the standard bearer of her species?

  • Stumage

    I’m afraid your mistaken. Evolution is a theory, because it is a Hypothesis. Secondly it was formalized in “The theory of evolution” by Charles Darwin. The science of Evolution is based on the principles from this theory. A useful example would be a comparison of Newtonian physics and Quantum Physics. Newtonian physics predicts many things very well, but Quantum Physics predicts them better. Although (in my opinion) highly unlikely, the theory of evolution could be displaced by a new one, by making better predictions. Do not take my word for however, look it up on any university website that teaches it, or ask the scientists themselves what the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific principle is.

  • Stumage

    I’m afraid your mistaken. Evolution is a theory, because it is a Hypothesis. Secondly it was formalized in “The theory of evolution” by Charles Darwin. The science of Evolution is based on the principles from this theory. A useful example would be a comparison of Newtonian physics and Quantum Physics. Newtonian physics predicts many things very well, but Quantum Physics predicts them better. Although (in my opinion) highly unlikely, the theory of evolution could be displaced by a new one, by making better predictions. Do not take my word for however, look it up on any university website that teaches it, or ask the scientists themselves what the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific principle is.

  • Stumage

    How so?

  • Stumage

    How so?

  • None

    Why cant both co-exist? God created us to evolute.

  • None

    Why cant both co-exist? God created us to evolute.

  • Mysophobe

    Let’s see…Genesis’ description of a flat earth surrounded by a solid dome decorated with the stars, sun and moon, the woman being created from the mans rib, the mountaintop-high flood and Noah’s ensuing logistical nightmare, “the whole earth being of one language” in 2400 BC, the Phillistines returning to Canaan 800 years too late. In Exodus, Moses birth story is suspiciously similar to that of Sargon, the Jews take 40 years to make a 3 week trip to Canaan and grow from a population of 75 to several million in a few hundred years, and God leads the Jews through the land of the Phillistines hundreds of years before the Pillistines live there. In Leviticus, God falsely proclaims hares and coneys to be ruminants and bats are birds. In Numbers, the Israelite population goes from 70 the 600,000 males in a few generations, god sends quails until they are “two cubits high upon the face of the earth”. There’s more if you want to hear it. Don’t get me wrong, I’m glad you’re here. You fascinate me.

  • chubby

    it gets worse, check out the various apocrypha and legends of the jews

  • http://www.facebook.com/BrooklynDHM.OG Ricky Yapkowitz

    No need to be “afraid,” but it not I who is mistaken.  Evolution is NOT a hypothesis by any definition.  As to the “semantics” of Principle vs Theory, that is a real issue, one in which I and many other people in Science have been engaged.  Science educational pedagogy rigorously reinforces the idea that practitioners of science use “precise, unambiguous” terms when describing their work.  However, this has clearly not been the case, rather our language has been essentially “gobblety-gook” and confusing with the misconception that if you don’t understand it, you’re just “not smart enough.” It is to this point, that I have dedicated almost a lifetime of endeavor in Science  Education;  to bring the beauty of Science to the People, all gobblety-gook aside.

    The current philosophy of Science has at it’s core, the progression of thinking to help describe the Cosmos about us generally flowing along the following “stream:”

                                    Observation of Phenomenon
                                                         |
                                                 [Hypotheses]
    Hypothesizing (reasonable description/explanation of phenomenon), of
    which there may be many to be quantitatively validated, out-rightly discounted, or revised for new “testing” of each particular hypothesis.
                                                          |
                                                    [Theory]
    Eventually resulting in a massively, statistically validated more unified  description which “seems” to best describe/explain the phenomenon.  At this point, we state with strong certainty, a Theory.
                                                          |
                                                   [Principle]
    While a Theory is accepted as “the most compelling” description of the phenomenon, “testing” of the Theory continues as it must “stand the test of time.”  Time tends to bring other “parts” into the Theory and over time, all those parts are melded into a Scientific Principle, which we used to call “Laws.” 

    It is important to realize that the “flow along the stream” of this scientific thought process with associated quantitative refinement and validation, is actually meandering, with rivulets, rather than a “direct path;” it is a dynamic process. As such, Scientific Principles, such as Evolution, have “stood the test of time,”
    being subjected to rigorous, on-going study and amassing a
    “preponderance of evidence.”

    —————————————————————————————————————–
    Where do Newtonian Mechanics/Physics and Quantum Mechanics/Physics fit into this flow?

    First, each has as it’s objective to describe/explain, the who, what, where, why, when, and how, of. . .

              ” . . .if the state of a dynamic system is known initially and
                 something is done to it, how will the state of the system
                 change with time in response?. . .”

    Secondly, Newtonian Mechanics has continued to wonderfully describe systems on a “macro” scale, while Quantum Mechanics serves equally wonderfully to describe systems on a “sub-micro” scale (actually atomic and subatomic).  Yes, it’s true that Newtonian Mechanics still had some “anomalies” which needed to dealt with.  Quantum Mechanics has helped us to deal with those anomalies and work towards a more Unified Theory in Physics, blending the more classical parts with the more modern parts. 

    It is here, where the beauty lies, in the ebb and flow of the stream of scientific thought, ever onward towards a bit more unification of theory and resulting principles;  wherever it may lead.
               

  • http://www.facebook.com/BrooklynDHM.OG Ricky Yapkowitz

    Again, Evolution is a Principle in Science, not a theory (see further explanation above :) )