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the enneagram
by Alex Burns (alex@disinfo.com) - February 26, 2001
During the years 1915-16, the Russian magus and memetic engineer George Gurdjieff revealed to his disciples a mysterious nine-pointed geometric symbol known as the Enneagram. A subtle tool operating at many different levels, Gurdjieff's Enneagram was concerned with the organization of complexity and discrete changes of order. Like the I Ching, the Kabbalistic Tree of Life, and other holistic tools, the Enneagram provides access to higher levels of information, stimulating creative thinking, problem solving and new perceptions.

Gurdjieff was oblique about the enneagram, but his pupil P.D. Ouspensky recorded some early comments in his book In Search of The Miraculous (1949). Another pupil, John Godolphin Bennett, applied the Enneagram of Process to systems theory, organizational design and group dynamics. Bennett's interpretation subsequently influenced many fields, including psychotherapy, biospherics, and management consulting.

Later, Idries Shah claimed that the symbol derived from the Naqshbandi sect of Sufism, whilst other analysts have traced the enneagram back to Jesuit and Russian Orthodox communities.

In the 1970s, Oscar Ichazo of the Arica Institute (Chile), presented a refined psycho-dynamical model of the Enneagram of Fixations based on nine Ennea-types - psychological types according to the enneagram. Ichazo's model was studied extensively by legendary researcher John Cunningham Lilly and psychotherapist Claudio Naranjo, who taught the model through the Esalen Institute school and his Seekers After Truth group in Berkeley. Naranjo applied the enneagram model to gestalt therapy, and various schools of psycho-therapy (including correlation with DSM-IV). The result was a powerful scientific tool for the study of consciousness and self change.

During the 1980s, Helen Palmer, Don Richard Riso and other authors popularised the Enneagram of Fixations as a psychological typology and profiling system, adding their own perspectives to Naranjo's work. It was adopted by Jesuit and Catholic priests for pastoral work, and became popular within the therapeutic and business management training communities.

The Enneagram of Fixations entered pop psychology, and became something of a fad. The Arica Institute unsucessfully sued Helen Palmer for copyright violation, and bitter war-of-words erupted between Palmer and Naranjo regarding the validity of her "oral tradition" discussion panels.

Despite these internal schisms, the enneagram community today is vibrant, and rapidly growing, with new perspectives and practical applications on the horizon.

 
 
more information  
 

Arica Institute Inc, Vs. Helen Palmer and Harper & Row Publishers
Text of the now legendary law-suit between the Arica Institute and popular enneagram author Helen Palmer, regarding copyright violations. Arica Institute lost the case.

The Celtic Enneagram
Information on a possible Celtic version of the enneagram.

Enneagram Australia/Enneagram Conferences & Seminars U.K.
Two teaching/consulting organisations founded by Mark Douglas Sumner, who has trained with Don Richard Riso, and been ordained in the Anglican church. Sumner applies insights from a variety of teachers and traditions, including Jung, the Fourth Way, A.H. Almaas, and Zen.

The Australian Enneagram Community
A community-based project using Helen Palmer's 'oral tradition' discussion panels. Also runs Insight retreats, personality weekends, and an annual conference.

Enneagram Test
Fun 'enneagram of fixations' test in question and story format.

The Second International Enneagram Conference
Notes by enneagram researcher Dave Barton on the proceedings and workshops of the International Enneagram Conference. Interesting for its perspectives and insights into the enneagram community.

The Enneagram Of Parenting
Author Elizabeth Wagele has created this site to promote her book of the same title. Features some humorous cartoons that vividly portray the unique perspectives of each ennea-type. Wagele's work will help you to nurture your children more compassionately.

Jan's Enneagram & Movie Forum
An online discussion group in a message board format that analyses ennea-type manifestations in contemporary cinema. You can comment on previous message threads or post your own.

Enneagram Studies of Palo Alto
Consulting firm that theaches Enneagram fundamentals and applications via Helen Palmer certified instructors. The consultancy runs a range of classes across a diverse range of issues and the web-site has a useful e-mail discussion list for the interested practitioner.

The Irish Enneagram Centre
Founded in 1995, 'The Irish Enneagram Centre' has run workshops, counselling, and certification workshops. The site contains a list of enneagram books, articles, and booklets available from SDB Media that interpret the enneagram through the lens of Judeo-Christian doctrines. Reputable resource centre with unique perspectives.

Aspell Empowerment Enterprises
An e-commerce site displaying the enneagram resources of Aspell Empowerment Enterprises, a consultancy that has explored the enneagram from Jungian, Christian, and personal/organizational empowerment perspectives, developing specific resources for law, negotiation, and marital settings.

The Enneagram In Motion - Joel R. Cheves
Stunningly beautiful raytrace enneagram design, with Java applet and VRML designs. Cheves briefly reveals the influence of Pythagoras on this ancient symbol. Short on words, enigmatic and powerful in it's visual impact: truly a digital manadala.

The Enneagram Vs. The Catholic Church
A very anti-enneagram article written by conservative Catholic author Rick Kephart. Some interesting insights, but riddled with misconceptions about Sufism, the Gurdjieff Work, and the relationship between the enneagram symbol and esoteric Christian doctrines. Useful for pluralistic democratic debate.

The Enneagram Vs. The Catholic Church
A very anti-enneagram article written by conservative Catholic author Rick Kephart. Some interesting insights, but riddled with misconceptions about Sufism, the Gurdjieff Work, and the relationship between the enneagram symbol and esoteric Christian doctrines. Useful for stimulating pluralistic democratic debate.

The Enneagram - Personality Typing that Works!
Brief introductory site with beautifully designed pages explaining the nine primary ennea-types, with links to Alan Bradley's Qwiktest. Some very relevant comments on why some people dislike typology systems.

Thomas Chou's Enneagram Page
Harvard University neuro-scientist Thomas Chou claims that the enneagram personality tping system is the one most attuned to your overall direction in life. A concise site with excellent descriptions of the nine ennea-types, and Chou's thoughts on the lives of Madonna and Einstein, showing how complex public figures can be interpreted from multiple viewpoints across the spectrum.

Institute of Inner Growth
The 'Institute for Inner Growth' runs a variety of workshops, seminars, personal type interviews, essence work, and other consultancy services in the Phoenix (Arizona) region. Founder Kent Rossman also conducts 'Diamond Heart', 'Gurdjieff Work', dreamwork, mythology, and healing traditions oriented classes. Offers an insight into the diverse forms that enneagram consultancy work can take.

Enneagram Products
An easy-to-access shopping mall for enneagram books and tapes, with author information, book covers, and brief descriptions. Has a very large selection of materials across a diverse range of teaching traditions.

Changeworks - The Enneagram Primer
A company with resources and workshops on the enneagram, Ericksonian hypnosis, and NLP. The enneagram primer section features well-written descriptions on the nine 'ennea-types' and sub-topics like stress points. Thomas Condon's 'Enneagram Movie & Video Guide' has several chapter excerpts, and is highly recommended.

The Essential Enneagram
Lynette Sheppard, an enneagram practitioner in Helen Palmer's 'oral tradition', has created a site that examines enneagram applications in a wide variety of fields, including business, relationships, spiritual traditions, and self-development. The site features the popular 'Gathering Place' bulletin board/discussion group.

The French Institute Of The Enneagram
A site in French developed by Fabien and Patricia Chabreuil, with well researched information and commentaries on enneagram books, lectures, work-shops, and culture. The sections on enneagram types in film and literature that are very useful in understanding the different surface manifestations of each type. Also reprints of articles from the 'Enneagram Monthly' magazine.

Working With The Enneagram
Information primarily on business applications of the 'enneagram of fixations,' including team-building and leadership styles (features over forty articles). Also features essays on spirituality, relationships, and personal change. Some insightful perspectives unique to this site, particularly on how to deal with problems like anger, confrontation styles, criticism, trust, and collaboration.

Awakenings
Articles on the 'enneagram of personality,' stress, labyrinths, the gifts of introspection, and the dangers of compulsion. Insights from the Christian tradition. A very stylishly designed site.

The Leela Foundation
Features excerpts from the book 'Healing The Heart Of Suffering' by noted enneagram author and practitioner Eli Jaxon-Bear. Also features eye-opening essays, talks, and therapy session transcripts.

The Enneagram In The Healing Tradition
Kathy Hurley and Theodorre Donson offer enneagram seminars with a different perspective from most: they draw upon the vast erudite psychological commentaries from Maurice Nicoll, a student of psycho-therapist Carl Jung, Russian mathematician Peter Ouspensky, and spiritual leader George Gurdjieff. The Nicoll interpretations place great emphasis on psychological transformation and esoteric interpretations of Christianity, and aren't as common as the Ouspensky-derived material. Contains the usual company and seminar information, and enneagram exegesis, but the essays are invaluable, particularly 'Maurice Nicoll: Spiritual Giant, Gentle Genius' which critically examines his legacy.

EnneaMotion
Andrea Isaacs is regarded as one of the best enneagram teachers in the field, having interviewed and/or studied with Oscar Ichazo, Claudio Naranjo, Don Riso, Russ Hudson, Helen Palmer, David Daniels, Kathy Hurley and Theodorre Donson, Richard Rohr, Stephen Wolinsky, and others. EnneaMotion is a unique innovation that focuses upon kinaesthetic modes of awareness and integrating the mind-emotions-body triad. Isaacs integrates a wealth of insights from T'ai Chi and modern dance into a powerful therapeutic tool that has reshaped the contemporary enneagram teaching environment.

The Enneagram In The Electronic Tradition
Jerome Freedman has created an excellent introductory site with a wealth of information for the new enneagram practitioner. The site includes a shareware enneagram generating program, and well-researched information on different intelligences and personality types; the enneagram and the body; teachers; and reference materials. This site should be one of the first sites that you surf to.

Using The Enneagram To Create Characters
Actress and author Judith Searle has created a site that examines the use of the enneagram in creating characters for film, television, books, and theatre. Her essays are full of deep psychological insights and practical applications relevant to the creative/artistic spheres; inclduing ideas on story genres; character types, gender roles and sexuality; and the inter-relationship between actor and social masque. A site of primary interest to novelists, philosophers, artists, and mystics.

Working With The Enneagram
Enneagram practitioner Mary Bast Monaghan has collected diverse insights regarding leadership styles; corporate change; team design; poetry; learning; and building relationships. The site contains many informative charts and graphics to convey Bast's ideas. Very useful corporate and general business applications.

Das Enneagram
Eberhard Lutz has created a powerful enneagram site in German within the Palmer teaching tradition that includes bulletin boards, international links, and primary source information.

The Enneagram & NLP
Outstanding German web-site that integrates NLP and Mind-Map insights into the enneagram framework, with insights from Don Riso, Claudio Naranjo, and Helen Palmer. This site explores leadership styles; learning strategies; meta-programs; strategy/potential; and identity/mission statement concepts amongst many topics. Authoritative information and easy to navigate.

Enneagram Note-page
Contains information on the lesser-known 'enneagram of process', as well as some very critical thoughts on the correlations with Sheldon's typological system, the Kabbalah, and the 'Seven Rays' of Theosophy. Includes enneagram and octave discussion list archive. A unique site with a probing maverick mind.

Discussing the Enneagram of Personality
A mammoth e-mail discussion list archive hosted by Duke University which vividly conveys the diverse and intense discussions being conducted within the global enneagram community. Useful for information and networking.

Jounrey To Essence
The online presence of the 'Center for Development of Human Potential', a school within the 'Gurdjieff Work' tradition (active in the Phoneix, Tampa, and Denver regions). This site is notable for articles with a personal and emotional flavour (more introspective and less theoretical), meditative thoughts of the day, and emphasis on lesser known interpreters like Rodney Collins. But fashionable enneagram wrist-watches?

National Educators Institute (Milton Academy)
Probably the definitive enneagram site specifically related to teaching styles, developing innovative edducational programs, and innovative learning applications. Includes a Microsoft Powerpoint slide presentation, Triads Personality Test, and many useful resources including newsletter and peer-reviewed papers.

New Management Network
Management consultancy firm that has applied the enneagram to human resources processes, particularly the study of unconscious human motivations. Describes the enneagram as a powerful human resource technology and indispensable consulting tool. Links the enneagram to several other models, including the corporate life-cycles models of Ichak Adizes.

Clear Impact Consulting Group
Boulder (Coloardo) based consulting group offering enneagram personality profiling and individual coaching. Contains useful basic information and practical advice and strategies for overcoming or minimising the cognitive flaws of each of the nine primary ennea-types.

Enneagram Personality Dynamics
What makes this site unique and extremely useful is the dynamic process maps derived from the Generaly Systems models developed by MIT's Jay Forrester, which show the underlying process loops behind each of the nine primary ennea-types. The inter-relationship between basic desires and fears can be clearly understood, and unhealthy loops that lead to distorted thinking and cognitive maps (that inform subjectibe worldviews) can be weakened. Includes the Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator (RHETI) self-test, as well as statistical sampling data and MBTI correlations. Practical site that will give you many insights!

Indranet - The Enneagram
A history of the enneagram movement that highlights the work of G.I. Gurdjieff, Claudio Naranjo, Oscar Ichazo, John Cunningham Lilly, and E.J. Gold, with links to various web-sites and enneagram related books. Offers information distinct from most Palmer and Riso-Hudson oriented sites. Useful for distinctive viewpoints and historical accuracy.

The Duversity Library: The Enneagram
Insights on the 'enneagram of process' from Anthony Blake, who studied with David Bohm and John Godolphin Bennett. Focuses on original Gurdjieff/Bennett perspectives, with links to excellent further essays by David Eyes and Chris Doering. Blake is one of the most erudite interpreters of this ancient symbol.

Enneagram Explorations
This site features 'cut-and-paste' collages that vividly describe each of the nine types, and there is key information on the sub-types (self-preservation, social, sexual) developed by Oscar Ichazo and Claudio Naranjo. Katherine Chernick and David W. Fauvre are highly regarded within the enneagram teaching community for their workshops and presentations, and have studied with Palmer, Riso-Hudson, Jaxon-Bear, and Wolinksi. Their work on 'internal styles of type' has been applied to counselling, image development, and personal growth. You can contact Chernick and Fauvre directly via an interactive chat system.

Enneagram Central
Author Clarence Thomson edited the first online newsletter 'The Electric Enneagram' (archived at this site), and has taught master classes on the nine ennea-types. Amongst the many useful resources here are revealing self-study courses; a fun quiz; books, tapes, and videos; and links to a diverse range of enneagram oriented sites.

International Enneagram Association
A not-for-profit association encouraging dialogue between different enneagram 'schools of thought,' and promoting innovative applications in a wide variety of spheres. The IEA has an international network of teachers, hosts an annual conference, and publishes an electronic newsletter called 'Nine Points.' The international directory of teachers and the IEA's strict ethical guidelines are very useful.

Dave's Enneagram Page
A significant collection of information on both the Arica and Gurdjieff traditions of the enneagram, including definitive sections on triads and centers, movements, stress points, sub-types and wings. The extensive links section,lengthy book excerpts, and in-depth descriptions of each type are highly recommended. One of the best enneagram sites on the web (with a clear navigation system), useful for the beginning practitioner.

Enneagram Monthly
Regarded by many within the teaching community as the most independent journal on enneagram applications, this English based site contains extensive back-issue archives, sample articles and essays, and inroductory material. The editors represent a range of traditions and perspectives, including the Helen Palmer school; the Arica Institute of Oscar Ichazo; the Ridhwan school of A.H. Almaas; and the therapeutic work of Claudio Naranjo. Insightful source material for the serious practitioner or academic researcher.

The Ridwan Foundation Home Page
In recent years, therapist and spiritual leader A.H. Almaas has emerged as a new voice within the Enneagram scene. His 'Diamond Heart' approach synthesises data from the Gurdjieff Work, various Sufi schools, and psycho-therapy. 'Facets of Unity: The Enneagram of Holy Ideas' (Diamond Books, 1999) draws upon the pioneering work of Oscar Ichazo and Claudio Naranjo to offer a more indepth view of the 'enneagram of fixations' than most contemporary accounts. This site features excellent book excerpts, lectures, and other diverse resource material.

The Enneagram - An Adventure In Self Discovery
Absolutely huge site of key enneagram information (mainly in the Palmer-Riso tradition) that has to be seen to be believed. Clear navigation scheme and solid research on personality types, types, resources, quotes, and workshops make this site a must. Bulletin boards, FAQs, and a very diverse links list enhances the community feel of this site. One of the best enneagram sites on the Internet.

The Enneagram Institute
Don Richard Riso and Russ Hudson are two of the most foremost interpreters of the enneagram today. Riso has written four best-selling enneagram books and conducts seminars. Slick navigation interface and authoritative information, including Riso's distinctly critical articles examining the direction of the enneagram community as a whole. Also includes the Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator (RHETI) online self-test version 2.0 to discover your type (and the descriptions include healthy, average, unhealthy descriptions; key motivations; examples; expanded profiles).

The Enneagram and the MBTI Journal
'The Enneagram and the MBTI' is a peer-reviewed academic journal of scholarly research papers synthesising the enneagram and contemporary transpersonal psychological traditions, including insights from chaos theory, postmodern art, and literary analysis. This site also features a community bulletin board, several different profiling instruments, and lengthy interviews with practitioners. Complex but ultimately rewarding material for the advanced student.

An Enneagram of Crisis
This is Chapter 12 from Anthony Blake's masterful book 'The Intelligent Enneagram' (Shambhala Publications, 1997), featuring clear diagrams and provocative explanations of the role of creativity and hazard. Includes incredible sections on the biosphere; development of language; emerging complex systems of civilization maco-analysis; Gurdjieff's octaves model; and structures of sustainable development. One of the most insightful articles freely available.

 
 


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