The current debate, in the UK and abroad, on the need to cut back the state in order to unleash the power of entrepreneurship and innovation in the private sector, builds upon a stark contrast that is repeatedly drawn by the media, business and libertarian politicians: a dynamic, creative competitive private sector versus a sluggish, bureaucratic, inert, `meddling’ public sector.

It is assumed that the private sector is inherently more innovative, more able to think out of the `box’ and to lead a country towards long-run innovation-led growth. But many examples in the history of innovation, entrepreneurship and competition, in different sectors and across different countries, paint a very different picture – of a risk taking innovative state – especially in the most uncertain phases of technological development and/or in the most risky sectors – versus a more inert private sector, which only invests (in innovation, in new start- ups, in networks) once the state has absorbed most of the uncertainty.

In the pharmaceutical industry it is the state- run labs that have been responsible for the discovery of the most radical new important drugs, with private pharma focused on the less risky slight variations of existing, `me too’, drugs (such as Viagra in different colours and dosages). In the USA and Europe, state funding has been responsible for most, if not all, general purpose technologies, i.e. those technologies that help achieve economy- wide growth (aviation, computers, electricity, internet, nanotechnology). The biotech revolution owes its success not to venture capital (as is commonly assumed) but to major inventions within the UK’s Medical Research Council and the US’s National Institute of Health, as well as pro-innovation regulations that have made it easier for these inventions to be commercialised. This has not been just a question of `research’, but of the state having the courage to think about completely new areas of development, invest its resources into uncertain territory, open multiple windows of exploration, fund early-stage risky research, create organisations dedicated to funding and supporting new start-ups, and formulate dynamic `networks’ between science, business and finance.

In most cases of the development of general purpose technology it has been the state that has gone against the grain, thought `out of the box’, risked large amounts of money; while the private sector has more often been wedded to the status quo, where short-run returns are inevitably more secure. Similar examples can be found in the creative sector, where, for example, innovative first-time directors can `enter’ the industry only through risky state-backed funds or state- owned broadcasters. In this sense, the state has played a role that goes beyond the Keynesian emphasis on taxation, subsidies, spending and regulation, and the Schumpeterian emphasis on creating the `right conditions’ for innovation and growth. It has played an active entrepreneurial role – envisioning new technological opportunities in high-growth areas; undertaking the very early risky investments that lay the groundwork for future exploration of these areas; funding new start-ups that commercialize the innovations; and in some cases even bringing the product to market.

The state has been fundamentally involved in generating radically new products and processes that have changed the way that businesses operate and citizens live – transforming economies forever, from the internet revolution to the biotech revolution to what (it is hoped) will be the green-tech revolution. A key way to tackle together smart and inclusive growth is to ensure that the gains from innovation are as collective as the risk-taking underlying it. In seeking innovation-led growth, it is fundamental to understand the important roles that both the public and private sector can play. This requires not only understanding the different ecologies between the public and private sector, but, especially, rethinking what it is that the public is bringing to that ecology. The claim that the public sector can at best incentivise private sector led innovation (through subsidies, tax reductions, carbon pricing, green investment banks and so on) is currently being propagated heavily in the UK, especially but not only in the face of the recent crisis and ensuing deficits. But this fails to account for the many examples in which the leading entrepreneurial force came from the state rather than from the private sector.

The Third Constitution of the United States

Preamble

We the People of the United States establish this Third Constitution of the United States of North America to promote human rights, social justice, ecological wisdom, peace, and egalitarianism for the citizens of our country and ultimately to all citizens of the world.

Neighborhood togetherness and community solidarity shall be valued above individual and corporate aggrandizement that jeopardize the participatory democracy of We the People. The Earth and the world will be viewed as one organism, like the human body: the cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems have to cooperate together or else the whole organism suffers and dies. (The first U.S. government was under the Articles of Confederation. The second was implemented with the presidency of George Washington in 1789.)

Human Rights

1. We the People have a right to participate in a government that is built from the bottom-up, something that has never been tried before, instead of the usual, bureaucratic control from the top-down. However, the government built from the bottom-up, at higher levels, may make laws that affect lower levels.

2. The people have a right to change their federal government through amendments added to this Third Constitution, and the people have a right to make an entirely new constitution fairly easily, which would then be the basis for a fourth federal or national government.

3. All individuals have freedom to speak and write about their personal, political, and spiritual beliefs. They may worship God through the religion of their choice, or they may choose ethical behavior or spiritual disciplines not based on any religion.

4. Government has powers granted to it as determined by the people’s democratic decision making. Government protects the rights of individuals.

5. Individual citizens have a right to keep and bear arms if they are registered by the county and state where they live. Federal lawmakers will determine the guidelines and the maximum amount of firepower an individual may possess. A county government may further limit the federal allowances or even abolish an individual’s right to own weapons.

6. Involuntary servitude of law-abiding citizens is prohibited. Thus, if the government declares a war that an individual deems unethical, the individual has a right to refuse service in the military.

7. Government authorities must have a probable cause to search our homes, cars, or any other property.

8. Property owners are entitled to a generous compensation if through eminent domain the government needs to seize the property for a higher, socially justifiable purpose, such as necessary road construction, for example.

9. No person shall be tried for a serious crime unless there is a Grand Jury indictment that states valid reasons for the upcoming court trial.

10. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property unless there is due process (or fair procedures) in carrying out the law.

11. In all criminal cases and prosecutions:

A. The accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury in the district where the crime was committed.

B. The accused must be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation.

C. The accused has a right to a counselor who may or may not be an attorney. The accused, or a counselor of the accused, may confront (or cross examine) all witnesses testifying against him or her.

D. The accused may require witnesses to testify if the witnesses have important information to share in the case.

E. Unless it is a minor charge (or a misdemeanor), citizens have a right to a trial by jury. Juries may determine a person’s guilt or innocence, and if a person is found guilty, the jury may determine the sentence of the accused, as advised by the judge.

F. Excessive bail shall not be required of a person, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.

12. What consenting adults do in the privacy of their homes or bedrooms that does not infringe on the property or the rights of others should not be the concern of government. Thus, individuals have a right to privacy.

13. Hemp shall not be declared illegal to grow for medical, agricultural, industrial, or recreational purposes.

14. A citizen may choose where he or she wants to live. Moreover, citizens may visit any country they choose, including Cuba. If they choose to move to another country, they will not be dispossessed of their personal assets by the government.

15. We the People have a right to a job in this nation.

16. We the People have a right to earn enough to pay for nutritious food, clothing, and recreation.

17. Every small, organic farmer will have financial incentives to raise and sell his products without restrictions or unfair competition from large agricultural monopolies that overly use artificial chemicals, radiate our foods, and genetically modify them without our knowing it.

18. Every entrepreneurial business person will be free of unfair competition and domination by monopolies, domestic or abroad.

19. Every citizen will have a right to a decent home.

20. Every American will have a right to adequate medical care and will be educated, encouraged, and rewarded for engaging in good health practices.

21. Citizens, both young and old, will not have economic fears of age, sickness, accident, and unemployment.

22. Every citizen will have a right to a good public education from preschool to as far as he or she can advance. The philosophy, curriculum, and administration of a public school will be decided by the neighbors who live within the boundaries of that particular elementary, middle, or high school.

An Overview of the Third Constitution of the United States: Its Precinct Empowerment System of State Government Organization

Under the Third Constitution of the United States, there will be 435 federal legislators (the same number that was in the House of Representatives under the previous government), based on districts of equal population. The United States Senate of the former government is eliminated, making the legislature unicameral, not bicameral. This one-house legislature will have 100 less federal legislators than before. All federal legislation, in the one-chambered legislature, must be passed with a 51% majority, based on a system of Proportional Representation.

The Third Constitution maximizes local community self-determination, whenever possible. Each metropolis or county can choose community regulated capitalism, democratic socialism, or a mixture of the two economic systems. In dealing with matters such as rivers, power lines, fire and police protection, for example, the preferences of precincts could be overruled by township government boards, the preferences of townships could be overruled by county government boards, and the preferences of counties could be overruled by state government boards.

Medicare or Single Payer Health Insurance will be extended to all citizens, not just to the elderly or disabled (this will eliminate most medical insurance companies). The government will be the single payer. Social Security will be continued, and its revenues cannot be used for other purposes. A national banking system controlled by Congress (not the former Federal Reserve), shall be established. Instead of private banks making money from providing loans, the government can assume that role to increase its revenues. Utilities such as water treatment, electrical power, telephone, and waste management will be publicly owned.

The military budget will be cut by 75%, and the savings from that reduction could be used for health care. A steep progressive income tax on the super wealthy will help pay off the national debt in ten years.

A government built from the bottom-up better reflects the will of the people. If, however, the people want a strong federal government that makes uniform policies for all the states, then that is what the people can implement. The Third Constitution of the United States not only gives third parties a greater voice at the federal level, it shows how state governments can build government from the bottom-up, a revolutionary concept that has never been tried before. Governments throughout history have had top-down control of the masses.

All citizens of the United States can vote yes to approve this newly proposed federal constitution that eliminates the U.S. Senate, establishes Proportional Representation in the election of federal legislators, drastically reduces military spending, establishes Medicare health care benefits for all Americans, takes all money out of politics, gives Congress greater control of the Supreme Court, makes the Constitution more democratic and easier to understand, and promotes honesty and transparency at all levels of government. Or a U.S. citizen can vote no to reject the Third Constitution. And since this new federal constitution also proposes a new method of state government organization, called the Precinct Empowerment System—a citizen of a state can vote yes or no on this method of reorganizing their state government.

Theoretically, a citizen could vote no on this proposed federal constitution, but vote yes on its proposed method of state government organization for his or her own particular state. Or an American voter could vote yes on the proposed federal constitution, but vote no on its proposed method of state government organization. Moreover, another possibility would be a citizen could vote no to both the federal and the state government proposals, or yes to both.

If 51% of the citizens of a state have already voted yes to approve the newly proposed method of state government organization, then the new method could be implemented two years later to allow two years for the state to get the new infrastructure in place when the new system begins. If 51% of the citizens of a state vote no to reject the newly proposed method of state government organization, then the current state constitution and government will remain in effect.

The new method of organizing state governments under the Third Constitution is called the Precinct Empowerment System. Essentially it controls higher levels of government from the bottom-up. Here is how it works:

Each neighborhood precinct will choose one representative to serve on the township board. The township board will have legislative powers and make judicial and executive appointments that pertain to that particular township.

Each township board will vote (among themselves) and send one representative to the county board. The county board will have legislative powers and make judicial and executive appointments that pertain to that county. Each county board will vote (among themselves) and send one of its board members to the state government board. The county board could also choose one of its members to serve as mayor of the city/county government. The state government board will have legislative powers and make judicial and executive appointments. The state government board could also choose one of its members to serve as governor of the state.

In the past, many Americans voted a straight ticket for several political officials about whom they knew very little. Therefore, citizens will no longer vote for a county recorder, state auditor, and numerous similar officials. Experts who work in these fields will help county and state boards as they select the right persons for these types of positions.

Members of a precinct can replace their representative who represents them on their township board if they are not happy with that person’s voting record and performance. The township board can choose to elect a different person to sit on the county board for the same reasons. The county board also can choose a different person to represent it at the state level.

To explain this new structure of state government, take the city of Indianapolis, Indiana, for example. The city of Indianapolis and Marion County largely have geographical boundaries that coincide. There are about 600 precincts in Marion County (each precinct has about 500 adult voters).

There are 9 townships inside the county. That means each township board will consist of 66-67 precinct representatives (600 precincts divided by 9 townships equal 66.6). Each of the 9 township boards will elect one representative to serve on the county board, which will thus have 9 members, at least in Marion County of Indiana.

There are 92 counties in Indiana, so therefore there would be 92 members on the State Government Board, which would replace the current Indiana House and Senate state legislators. Each state legislator previously represented about 600,000 or more adult voters, a number that was way too large because legislators could not get to know their constituents on a personal level.

A precinct delegate to the township board, on the other hand, could easily become acquainted with all of the 500 voters in his or her precinct.

The following scenario will help clarify how this Precinct Empowerment System works under the Third Constitution of the United States. Though it may seem difficult to read at first, it is worth understanding because it builds government from the bottom-up, empowers precincts, which existed before only for voting purposes, and creates neighborhood togetherness. Without a violent revolution, we can make a happy society in ways that never seemed possible before.

A precinct can only have one representative in the state government system from the township level up to the state level. A precinct will have, at the least, one representative on the township board (The 67 precinct representatives who manage the township board (which is a geographic subunit of the county) could each work closely with a few neighborhood block captains to coordinate bartering based on a skills and needs assessment, using closed circuit TV for the residents).

But then from the township board, a particular precinct representative could advance to the county board, and then possibly from the county board to the state government board, the highest level of the state government system. To repeat, each precinct will only have one person represented in elective state government; some precinct representatives, however, will advance farther to higher levels of government than other precinct representatives in this state government system.

Wayne Township is one of the nine townships in Marion County, which is one of 92 counties in the state of Indiana. Mrs. Smith lives in Precinct #539 which is in Wayne Township. Let us say Wayne Township has 67 precincts (Precincts #533-600 of the 600 precincts in Marion County). Precinct #539, where Mrs. Smith lives, is the precinct that elected Mrs. Smith to serve on the Wayne Township Government Board where she now serves. But then the Wayne Township Board later elects Mrs. Smith, who is also still representing Precinct #539, to serve on the 9-membered, Marion County Government Board. In so doing, Mrs. Smith will replace Mr. Jones from Precinct #581, who previously had represented Wayne Township at the Marion County Government Board. So now, Mrs. Smith, and not Mr. Jones, will represent Wayne Township on the Marion County Board.

When Mr. Jones from Precinct#581 of Wayne Township was voted off the county board, at that moment, there was no one from Precinct#581 in the state government system. Therefore, the residents in Precinct#581 will need to select a representative to serve on the Wayne Township board, the second step in the ladder of progression from precinct, to township, to county, to state government.

When Mrs. Smith advanced from the Wayne Township Board to the Marion County Board, the Wayne Township Board had one less member at that time. When Precinct#581 (where Mr. Jones, who was voted off the county board, is from) elects someone to serve on the Wayne Township Board, then the total number of representatives will be restored.

Now, let us say Mrs. Smith gets promoted to the Indiana State Government Board. She will need to communicate with and satisfy the members of the Marion County Board, the Wayne Township Board, and the residents in Precinct #539 where she now lives, because any of these government groups or levels, which she represents, could vote at any time to remove her from government completely.

If that happens, then the voters in Precinct #539, where Mrs. Smith came from, would need to vote for someone to serve on the Wayne Township Board because at that moment that precinct would have no one representing it in the state government system.

The members of the Marion County Board (who previously had promoted Mrs. Smith) will have to choose someone who is currently on that board to serve on the Indiana State Government Board because now Marion County does not have anyone representing it at the Indiana State Government Board.

It may be the Marion County Board was happy with Mrs. Smith’s performance at the Indiana State Government Board, but since either the Wayne Township Board or the residents in Precinct#539, from which Mrs. Smith arose, gave her a vote of less than 51% confidence (or approval), that would mean that the Marion County Board would have to choose one of its current members to represent it at the Indiana State Government Board.

It turns out that the Marion County Board picks Mr. Davis to represent Marion County at the Indiana State Government Board. Mr. Davis advanced from Precinct#32, which is located in Perry Township, one of the 9 townships in Marion County. Perry Township consists of Precincts#1-67 of the 600 precincts in Marion County, which largely includes the city of Indianapolis.

Under the previous federal government system before the Third Constitution was adopted, the bicameral Indiana State Legislature consisted of 50 representatives in the Indiana Senate and 100 representatives in the Indiana House. If Indiana chooses the Precinct Empowerment System of state government organization under the Third Constitution of the United States, then the Indiana State Government Board, consisting of one member from each of the 92 counties in Indiana, would replace the former 150 state legislators.

Formerly, Indiana had 10 federal legislators who served in the US House of Representatives and also 2 US Senators (like every other state). Since the US Senate is eliminated under the Third Constitution, Indiana will have 10 federal legislators to serve in the new, unicameral US Congress, which will have 435 members under a system of Proportional Representation. Hypothetically this national Congress could be represented by the following national parties: 32% Republican, 28% Democrat, 10% Libertarian, 10% Green, 10% Constitution Party, 5% Socialist, 4% Communist, and 1% Anarchist.

So, if the citizens of Indiana with a 51% majority choose the Precinct Empowerment System of state government organization, that would mean that an Indiana citizen would vote for one person from his or her precinct to serve at either the township, county, or state government level, depending on how high that representative advances.

Moreover, that Indiana voter will also vote for a president of the United States and for one federal legislator (after analyzing various political party candidates from her district ) to serve in the US Congress. That makes a total of three elected officials to closely monitor, as opposed to voting a straight ticket for countless township, county, and state officers whom the voter knows nothing or very little about. (End of scenario)

Under the Precinct Empowerment System, a state will grant its counties with a maximum degree of self-determination, and each county will grant its townships with a maximum degree of self-determination, and each township will grant its precincts with a maximum degree of self-determination. All levels will have self-determination that encourages independence and inter-dependence and not mere dependence on the top-down, hierarchical control system of a national government.

After adopting the Precinct Empowerment System, a state government board with a 51% majority vote could decide that it no longer wants the Precinct Empowerment System. In that case, it would have to organize a state constitutional convention, in which each county would send a representative to the convention, based on an Instant Runoff Voting method as described later in ARTICLE XXI of this Constitution. After the state constitutional convention creates a new state constitution, it will then need to be ratified by the citizens of that state with a 51 percent majority.

When this Third Constitution of the United States is implemented, each precinct could elect a Precinct President and a Council of Neighborhood Block Captains . These positions could be voluntary. Retired senior citizens could make excellent public servants.

Precinct representatives could bring county government closer to home and more personalized. This system will promote neighborhood togetherness and will build cooperative communities largely through voluntary means.

Precinct representatives would become informed about what was going on at the township level above and they would also provide resources, counseling, tutoring, and anything else that the neighbors need. Precincts could even become tribal as neighbors get to know one another intimately, but ideally not with the narrow-minded hostility toward outsiders that is typically associated with tribes.

The Township Council (whose members could be salaried or voluntary workers), consisting of all the 67 precinct delegates, has the job of allocating a block grant of public funds given to them by the County Council. The Township Council will make legislative, executive, and judicial decisions or appoint people to make those decisions.

The County Council, consisting of one person from each township, shall make legislative, executive, and judicial decisions or appoint competent people to make those decisions. Serving on the County Council will be a full time salaried position. The county will generate some of its own revenue, possibly through taxes and user fees, and can receive a block grant of public funds from the state government.

The State Council, consisting of one representative from each county, shall make legislative, executive, and judicial decisions, or appoint competent people to make those decisions pertaining to the entire state. The state will generate its revenue through income taxes and user fees, as the State Council determines. (End of the Overview of the Precinct Empowerment System of State Government Reorganization)

ARTICLE I: The Legislative Branch of the Federal Government
Section I
All federal legislative powers shall be granted to the Federal Congress of the United States, which shall be a unicameral body consisting of Federal Representatives, also called Federal Legislators. There will be 435 separate congressional districts in the United States based on equal population. The unicameral Congress will be based on the system of Proportional Representation. The Congress may pass bills with a 51% majority. The selection of Federal Legislators will be based on the Instant Run-Off Voting and the system of Proportional Representation as described in ARTICLE XXI of this Constitution.

The founding fathers of our second US Constitution wanted to make it difficult to pass laws by requiring that all laws be passed by both the House of Representatives and the Senate. But this measure is a mixed blessing because it also makes it difficult to change poor laws and amendments as well once they are passed.

For several years now, many Americans have become alienated by a government that is not responsive to their needs. A government that can change or adjust quickly is better than a government that is too cumbersome and slow to make improvements. For this reason a unicameral legislature has been chosen instead of a bicameral legislature.

Section 2
All Federal Representatives of the United States Congress will be chosen for four-year periods that coincide with presidential terms of office.

Section 3
Each state will have at least one Federal Representative. The District of Columbia will also have Federal Representation based on its population.

Section 4
When vacancies in the Federal Congress occur because of sickness, death, or resignation, the residents of the pertaining district can vote for a new Federal Legislator.

Section 5
The Federal Representatives shall vote for their Speaker of the House at the start of every new term, based on the Instant Run-off voting method among members of the Federal Congress. This Speaker of the House shall choose the Chairpersons for the established committees. The Chair Persons, in turn, shall select committee members.

Section 6
The Representatives will be allowed to try, impeach, and remove any
high-leveled federal officer in the legislature, executive, and judicial branches of the federal government. Any officer impeached is also liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to the law.

Section 7
The supervision of federal government elections shall be determined by the county government of each state. Since the method of registering voters and counting votes should be uniform throughout the country, the Federal Representatives shall decide the standard methods.

Section 8
The unicameral Congress will assemble the third Monday in January of every year. Members of Congress do not have to be present at the Capitol Building in Washington DC to vote on bills, unless the Speaker of the Congress deems it necessary. All such debates will be televised for public viewing, so that citizens can be equally informed as lawmakers on all the issues. All bills must be written by elected members of Congress, not lobbyists. All bills must deal with one issue only. Every lawmaker must read every bill in its entirety.

The best arguments for and against a bill must be expressed in writing from opposing political parties, and they must be made available to the public at least two weeks before there is a vote on a bill. Citizens of a district may electronically register their vote on a particular bill, and Federal Representatives should wisely consider input from their constituents. The results of all citizen input on every bill must be made public.

Representatives who do not abide by the will of their constituents may be replaced during their term of office if 2/3 or 67% of the constituents have registered that the Representative should be removed. In that case, the residents of the pertaining federal district can vote for a replacement.

Section 9
The salaries of Federal Legislators will be determined and paid by the state governments that the Federal Legislators represent. Legislators cannot accept from corporate lobbyists any money, gifts, or fringe benefits at any time before, during, or after their tenure in office. Such money or gifts would bias their opinion on an issue.

Section 10
Once Congress passes a bill, it shall be sent to the president for approval. If the president disapproves a bill, he or she can veto it, or lines of it, within seven days. However, a 67% majority in the House can overrule the President and make the law official against the president’s wishes.

Section 11
Congress must balance every budget and not engage in deficit spending,
unless there is a national emergency deemed by the president.

Section 12
In all elections of Federal Legislators, the top 5 third parties (based on membership) will have the same requirements, privileges, and media access as Republicans and Democrats had under the former government. Since the elections of all Federal Legislators are based on Instant Run-off Voting and Proportional Representation, the citizens of a federal legislative district must officially register with a political party if they desire to vote. The top 7 political parties of that particular federal legislative district (that is those having the highest number of registered members), will put their chosen delegate’s name on the ballot (after they have their own internal primary or caucus).

The Instant Run-off Voting system is better than the former voting system because the candidate must be approved by at least 51% of the voters. Under the previous plurality system, if one candidate gets 34% of the votes and the other two candidates each get 33%, then the new leader would not represent very many voters.

An objective panel of computer experts must examine the electronic machines used for tabulating Instant Run-Off voting, or any other electronic input from the people to avoid any foul play or tampering of the votes. Counting paper ballots could also be an option.

Section 13
Federal legislators may be elected for more than one term to provide continuity and experience in government.

Section 14
Money contributions from individuals and corporations shall be totally removed from all political campaigns and advertizing. All speeches and debates of the candidates shall be held at community or publicly owned county radio and television stations, whose Board of Directors will equally represent the top seven political parties of that district.

ARTICLE II: The Executive Branch of the Federal Government
Section 1
Executive power shall be invested in a President of the United States. His or her term of office will be four years, the same 4-year period in which Federal Legislators are elected. The President will choose a Vice President to work and serve with the President.

Section 2
Presidents will be selected through the Instant Run-off Voting method. The 7 largest national political parties will have primaries beforehand in order to pick a presidential candidate. Presidential voting should occur over a weekend on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday to make it more convenient for voters.

Section 3
If a president resigns, dies, is impeached, or is unable to hold the office, then the Vice Principal will replace him. If the Vice President is unable to serve at that time, the order of succession will be the Speaker of the House and then the Secretary of State.

Section 4
Members of the federal legislature can increase or decrease a President’s salary. The president cannot accept money, expensive gifts, or fringe benefits from citizens or corporate lobbyists before, during, or after his or her term of office. Such money or gifts would bias his or her decisions.

Section 5
The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States and also of the National Guard of each state. The President cannot execute troops on a moment’s notice unless there is a national emergency.

Section 6
The President cannot make a declaration of war, unless a 2/3 majority of the Federal Congress approves. All past executive orders or presidential directives made by presidents must be fully disclosed, simplified, and clarified. Then they must be approved by a two-thirds majority of Congress. It will now be considered unconstitutional for a President to implement executive orders or presidential directives, unless the members of the Federal Congress examine and rewrite them and approve them beforehand with a 51% majority. Then they shall be added to the federal statutes.

ARTICLE III: The Judicial Branch of the Federal Government
Section 1
The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in a Supreme Court, which shall consist of a Chief Justice and eight Associate Judges. The nine Supreme Court Justices will vote to choose their own Chief Justice among themselves every three years or sooner if a Chief Justice leaves office. Supreme Court Justices will serve for 9-year terms and will be chosen by Congress when a vacancy occurs using the Instant Run-off Voting method. Supreme Court Justices under the previous Constitution may remain in office if they have not yet served 9 years. The Congress may remove any Supreme Court Justice at any time with a 2/3 majority vote.

Section 2
Currently there are over 850 federal judgeships in the United States. Federal judges may serve indefinitely. State legislatures or state government boards will select and remove federal judges in their state.

Federal judges not assigned to a particular state will be selected by the Federal Congress. Federal judges may be impeached and removed by the legislative body responsible for selecting them with a 2/3 or 67% majority vote.

Section 3
There will continue to be two distinct federal and state judicial systems as before. Each state will continue to have its own separate judicial structure. The national judiciary will have federal courts across the country as it does now.

Section 4
In addition to the 12 Federal Circuit Courts of Appeal based on geographical areas, there will also be, as already established, The Court of Appeals for the Thirteenth Circuit (also called the Federal Circuit), which will have national appellate jurisdiction over certain types of cases, such as those involving patent law and those in which the United States is a defendant.

The Court of International Trade, The Court of Federal Claims, and similar courts may appeal to this Thirteenth Circuit Court.

Section 5
Most of the time the Supreme Court will work as an appellate court, but in some cases, when it chooses, it may exercise original jurisdiction which means it can act as a trial court if, for example, a state is a party, or in matters concerning foreign diplomats.

The federal Supreme Court also can review and cancel State Supreme Court decisions and state laws if the federal Constitution is violated.

Section 6
States cannot be sued in federal courts by a foreign country. Every individual shall have equal justice under the law. Supreme Court decisions can be abolished by a 2/3 majority vote of the Federal Congress.

Section 7
The Supreme Court may make modifications in the structure of the federal court system. Its job is to make judgments based on the Constitution and federal statutes, not to change or make new laws. Congress, however, will determine how much of the federal budget is needed to finance the federal court system.

Section 8
Every individual must do what he or she promises to do by contract. An important role of the judiciary is to determine that legal contracts are honored.

Section 9
Government officials will not have immunity from prosecution while they are in office.

ARTICLE IV: If a State Wants to Withdraw from the Country
A state cannot withdraw, or secede, from the rulings and protections of the United States government according to the guidelines of this Third Constitution. Too many problems would occur if various states started becoming sovereign nations.

ARTICLE V: Federal Protection of the States
Only Congress has the power to admit new states to the country, or to provide total sovereignty to any of its protectorates, if ever that becomes an issue. The federal government must protect the people of the states when there is an attack by foreigners, or if and when the state governor deems that its National Guard cannot handle an emergency situation.

ARTICLE VI: The National Debt Problem
The national debt can be paid off in ten years, largely through a 75% reduction in military spending and a progressive income tax that can ultimately reach 90%. When nations repeatedly have annual deficits, it causes the national debt to skyrocket, which then puts a large burden on the taxpayers of future generations.

ARTICLE VII: The National Census
The US Census will continue to be taken every ten years, as it is currently being done. Accurate statistics enable the government to do better planning.

ARTICLE VIII: Approving Corporate Charters
Counties have the right to grant or approve corporate charters, and to impose taxes on corporations operating within their boundaries.

County or municipal governments may revoke the charters of any private corporation in their districts if they determine that a particular corporation does not serve the community or benefit the environment. A corporation is not a natural person and should not have the same rights as a natural person. A corporation cannot make financial contributions to any local, state, or federal government election campaign.

ARTICLE IX: An Alternative to the Federal Reserve
The Federal Reserve System of fractional reserve banking must be eliminated. Banks will no longer be able to lend money that they do not have, and they will be controlled by the US Treasury, which shall be organized, supervised, and audited by the US Congress. Instead of private banks making money by providing loans, the government will provide public banks to raise public revenues. The government can engage in deficit spending only if there is a national emergency.

ARTICLE X: The Primary Role of Government
The primary role of government is the protection of its citizens. Actions such as, murder, rape, robbery, pollution, theft, embezzlement, fraud, arson, kidnapping, battery, trespassing, harassment, and nuisance–violate the right of others. The government should investigate, prevent, and have consequences for these types of illicit or illegal actions.

Privately owned prisons shall be abolished. Nonviolent drug offenders shall no longer make up half the prison population; such individuals will receive medical care instead.

ARTICLE XI: World Trade Agreements

Formal trade agreements like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) will be canceled.

ARTICLE XII United Nations and Democratic World Government

Giving each country in the United Nations an equal vote will be advocated. Our foreign policy should be non-interventionist, so that other sovereign nations do not develop hostilities toward us, as they have in the past.

However, if other nations develop democratic governments built from the bottom-up, using precinct empowerment systems at state and local districts, it is conceivable in the distant future to vote for a democratic world federal government using the systems of Proportional Representation and Instant Run-off voting.

ARTICLE XIII: Abolishing the CIA
The Central Intelligence Agency has operated with a secret budget and has engaged in the trade of illegal drugs in order to finance its covert operations that it does not want the American people to know about.

Moreover, it has sabotaged democratically elected, pro-socialist government officials of various countries so that government officials who are more favorable to American corporations get installed instead. Moreover, it has supported dictators in foreign countries as long as they allow our corporations unlimited freedom to exploit the resources of those foreign countries. This immoral behavior causes the animosity and terrorist activity toward our country to increase, which then is used to justify extra spending for the military, industrial, and homeland security complex.

Therefore, the CIA must be disbanded. The Department of Homeland Security as an umbrella organization of other security departments shall be closely monitored by Congress, so that it does not exercise undue powers of surveillance and wire-tapping, powers that often violate the rights of law-abiding citizens because of their political affiliations.

So often when Americans hear that important information cannot be revealed to the public, it is because very secretive organizations such as the CIA do not want their above-the-law illegal and immoral actions to be unveiled. The era of government secrecy must end. Government at all levels must be open, honest, and transparent. If their intentions and actions are noble and just, they will have nothing to hide from the American people or foreign countries.

ARTICLE XIV: The Posse Comitatus Law
Section 1
The Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 limited the powers of the
federal government in using its military for local and domestic
law enforcement. This Act still must be enforced. The president and the US military should allow the National Guard under the authority of the state governor to intervene in domestic issues. The governor can request Federal Emergency Management Assistance (FEMA) to act when there is a natural disaster, epidemic, public health emergency.

ARTICLE XV: The Need for Habeas Corpus
Habeas Corpus is a concept of law in which a person may not be
held by the government unless the government has a valid reason for putting the person in jail or prison. Even in a national emergency, the right to Habeas Corpus should not be violated. Prisoners of war or alleged terrorists, foreign and domestic, must be given a fair trial.

ARTICLE XVI: The Need for Social Security
The national Social Security program will not be cancelled. Some American citizens (because their employers did not offer pensions, or because of misfortune or unwise financial planning) will need monthly Social Security payments (money that they themselves paid into Social Security throughout their entire working history) in order to survive financially in their old age.

ARTICLE XVII: Decentralizing Elements of the Federal Government
The budgets of some current federal departments and agencies can be reduced, as state, county, township, and precinct levels of government are given more autonomy and local self-reliance. Responsible individuals and local communities in a free society should be allowed to make their own choices, as long as other individuals and communities are not harmed in the process.

ARTICLE XVIII: Parents Have the Greatest Influence on Children
Parents–not the federal, state, county, township, or precinct governments—will be primarily responsible for their children’s education. Compulsory education at every level of government shall be abolished. It should be abolished because parents, not the government, should make those educational decisions. Neighborhood school boards should control neighborhood public schools, and public schools must be allowed to suspend and expel a student from the preferably small classroom setting if he or she is constantly unruly. If that occurs, other alternatives can be explored such a counseling, tutoring, or home schooling to help the unruly student.

Neighborhood school boards should be selected by the adult residents who live within the geographical boundaries of a particular school. The county government can determine the amount of money granted to a school, based on the number of students enrolled. This policy of neighborhood control of neighborhood schools will encourage neighbors to get to know one another better as they work on achieving a mutually accepted, educational philosophy and curriculum for the children and adolescents of their district.

The neighborhood school board can employ teachers and tutors who live within the boundary of the school. The forced busing of children on a bus for 45 minutes across town to achieve forced integration does not create a bond between parents and the schools in the neighborhood.

Article XIX: Keeping the Best of the Former Government
This Third Constitution does not attempt to totally eradicate the federal government, we had under the previous Constitution, with all its former federal statutes. Old policies, statutes, and regulations can be changed, simplified, and reduced gradually to reflect the new mood and philosophy of our day. Income tax laws should be simplified in ways that do not allow clever people to cheat the government.

ARTICLE XX: The Tragedy that Occurred on September 11, 2001
Because of a growing number of questions, doubts, and suspicions about the events that occurred on 9/11 and the official report itself, there must be a new, independent investigation (not from government insiders as before) that examines the extensive research of authors such as David Ray Griffin and organizations such as the Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth. This investigation should begin immediately.

ARTICLE XXI: A New Era of Honesty and Transparency
The wealth of individuals and of corporations must not be used to influence the political decision making of voters. A new era of openness, honesty, and transparency in government, private business, the media, and in our interpersonal relationships is vital to our survival.

ARTICLE XXII: How the Federal Government Can Be Amended After the Third Constitution Has Been Implemented and How the Third Constitution Can Be Abolished When a Fourth Constitution is Desired.

The United States government can be modified through amendments added to its current Constitution (and also by federal laws passed by the US Congress). But the federal government can also be changed completely as the result of having a Constitutional Convention in order to totally rewrite the US Constitution.

To change the federal government by merely adding amendments to the current Constitution, there are two ways that this can be done:

In the first way, the Federal Congress must pass their proposed amendment with a 2/3 majority. Then 2/3 of the state legislatures, in their separate locations, have a year to ratify any amendments recommended by Congress. Ratifying with a 2/3 majority, instead of the ¾ majority that was required in the past, makes it easier to change the government. Citizens will feel helpless and hopeless, or politically alienated, if it is too difficult to change the government when they desire it.

The second way to add amendments to the current constitution is for 51% of the state legislatures to call for a national Amendment Convention for any reason. This second way to amend the current Constitution will bypass the Federal Congress altogether. Once a state makes a request for a convention, it can be rescinded. Each state legislature shall choose one person to attend the national Amendment Convention.

The state delegates at the national Amendment Convention will discuss, rewrite, and vote on any amendments proposed by state legislatures. Any amendment proposals that the state delegates approve with a 51% majority will then be submitted to the state legislatures in their separate locations. Then afterwards the 50 state legislatures must ratify any proposed amendments made by the national Amendment Convention within a year after the date the Convention started.

A new amendment will not be added to the current Constitution unless 2/3 of the state legislatures ratify it. If a state legislature casts its vote it may change its mind if a 2/3 majority vote has not been achieved. Once an amendment has been passed it becomes official, and at the point, a state may not cancel its vote regarding the amendment issue.

The Constitution is the supreme law of the land. As mentioned in the first paragraph of this Article XXII, a radically new constitution and government can be formed through a Constitutional Convention. It can be achieved in a fair, safe, and orderly way. The American people have a right to make a new government based upon a new constitution.

Therefore, the decision to create a new supreme document will be considered by the American people at every presidential election. If at least 51% of the American voters request a constitutional convention at that time, then the Constitutional Convention will start meeting one year later. Each state will thus have less than a year to pick one delegate to attend the Constitutional Convention.

Each state shall send one delegate to participate in the Constitutional Convention based on the Instant Runoff Voting method. Voters of each state will rank 7 candidates in the order of their preferences. The seven most numerous political parties of a state will offer the voters of that state a proposed constitution and a potential constitutional delegate, who might be the one selected by the voters of the state to represent it at the Constitutional Convention. For example, here is how one voter from Indiana might rank her votes, after examining the different US constitutions proposed by the seven most numerous political parties in Indiana:

1. Republican Party 2. Constitution Party 3. Libertarian Party 4. Democratic Party 5, Green Party 6. Socialist Party 7. Communist Party.

If no candidate in Indiana gets a 51% majority, then before the second round of voting begins, the candidate who had the least amount of votes in Indiana would be dropped from the list of choices (making the total now 6). If after the second round of voting, still no candidate has a 51% majority, then the candidate who had the least amount of votes would be dropped (making the list of choices now 5). If after the third round of voting, the Republican Party (which may have proposed to not change the current Constitution) received at least 51% of the votes, then its candidate would be the delegate to represent Indiana at the national Constitutional Convention.

The 50 Constitutional Convention delegates will first meet the first Tuesday of November, one year after the previous presidential election date. The Colorado State Legislature (chosen because of its somewhat geographically central location) will choose beforehand a meeting place and the initial chairperson (who will not have voting privileges) of the Constitutional Convention. The delegates may later choose one of the attending delegates, who would have voting privileges, to be the chairperson of the Convention. Formal discussions and debates of the Convention will use parliamentary procedure. The 50 state legislatures will assist with the costs of the Convention, which should be kept at a minimum. If the Colorado State Legislature does not want its designated responsibility, then it is imperative that it ask another state legislature to do the job.

The Convention delegates will work on several revisions if necessary of the newly proposed Constitution in the constant effort to get 51% of the American people to accept it, as expressed in public opinion surveys. Since the delegates have a maximum of one year to work, they can work to get a higher percentage of approval than 51%. They can work to become reconciled with the 49% that oppose the new document. Two years after the previous presidential election, the American people will vote on the latest, proposed constitution.

Without a 51% majority vote of approval by the American people, the proposed constitution will be null and void, and the current Constitution will continue as before. If the proposed Constitution is ratified by the American people, it will not be implemented until two years later, unless the state legislatures want to implement it sooner.

In summary, there will be one year to pick delegates and another year for the actual constitutional convention. Then two years later the new Constitution will be implemented at the beginning of the next presidential term of office. This allows two years for federal and state governments to establish the infrastructure for the new government that would be implemented when a new president takes office.

The much greater fairness that Instant Run-Off Voting provides in the selection of Constitutional Convention delegates is why only a 51% majority is needed to ratify the newly proposed Constitution.

The spoken and written words of the delegates must be publicized, and citizens will be allowed to voice their own opinions in the process. The US Congress, the President, and the US Supreme Court will not have the right to control a Constitutional Convention nor an Amendment Convention. They can, however, express their opinions and recommendations in the process.

This method of creating and then ratifying an entirely new federal or national Constitution is unique because it bypasses both the Federal Congress and the state legislatures and empowers the democratic decision making of the people. [End of the Third Constitution of the United States]

To implement this Third Constitution of the United States, there first needs to be passed a Twenty-Eighth Amendment to our current Constitution that shows how we can have a Constitutional Convention in a fair, orderly, and nonviolent way. A proposal for a Twenty-Eighth Amendment and the reasons why we need a new U.S. constitution can be found at my website, as part of a book I am writing. If you have comments or constructive criticism, email me at Roger.Copple@gmail.com. My Twenty-Eighth Amendment proposal and this Third Constitution are constantly being revised. Please share with family members, friends, favorite websites, and your federal and state legislators. Thank you.

Roger Copple retired from teaching third grade in a public school in Indianapolis in May 2010, at the age of 60. Interested in political theory, he has tried to integrate the best of Libertarian, Green, Socialist, and Anarchist viewpoints.

Interesting Websites

Project for a New American Century (PNAC)
http://nwoobserver.wordpress.com/key-information-for-new-readers/
http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article1665.htm

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
http://nwoobserver.wordpress.com/2010/02/06/why-the-cia-is-the-worlds-number-one-terrorist-organization-with-video/
http://nwoobserver.wordpress.com/2010/02/06/why-the-cia-is-the-worlds-number-one-terrorist-organization-with-video/

The Money Masters Documentary Video: How International Bankers Gained Control of America
http://nwoobserver.wordpress.com/2009/03/28/documentary-the-money-masters-how-international-bankers-gained-control-of-america-210-min/
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-515319560256183936#

America’s Freedom to Fascism Video
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-515319560256183936#docid=-1656880303867390173

Video: Alex Jones’ TerrorStorm: http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5948263607579389947#

Twenty Facts That Will Make You Mad
http://www.prisonplanet.com/20-facts-that-will-make-you-really-mad-if-you-stop-and-think-about-them-for-a-while.html

Twelve Reasons Why Ron Paul Would Make the Best Republican Candidate in 2012 http://www.prisonplanet.com/12-reasons-why-ron-paul-is-very-different-from-most-of-the-other-contenders-for-the-republican-presidential-nomination-in-2012.html

America’s Addiction to War (Read entire book online)
http://www.addictedtowar.com/book.html

Articles by Howard Zinn:
http://www.howardzinn.org/zinn/articles

Articles by Michael Parenti:
http://www.michaelparenti.org/articles.html

Articles by Ralph Nader:
http://www.nader.org/

Articles by Ron Paul:
http://www.ronpaul.com/

Common Dreams Website (Progressive)
http://www.commondreams.org/

Critiques of Libertarianism:
http://world.std.com/~mhuben/libindex.html

Libertarian website:
http://www.libertarianism.com/contents/issues

Types of socialism from Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism

Ludwig Von Mises Institute on Socialism:
http://mises.org/books/socialism/contents.aspx

Video: What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire:
http://www.filmbaby.com/films/2206

An Anarchists FAQ Website:
http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnAnarchistFAQ

Lew Rockwell: anti-state, anti-war, pro-market:
http://www.lewrockwell.com/

Anarcho-capitalism
http://eng.anarchopedia.org/anarcho-capitalism

The School for Cooperative Individualism: http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/dodson_course_1.html

Facts on Media in America
http://www.commoncause.org/site/pp.asp?c=dkLNK1MQIwG&b=4923173

Media and Democracy: The Big Six Corporations
http://www.freepress.net/ownership/chart/main

Three good websites about 9/11:
David Ray Griffin’s website
http://davidraygriffin.com/
http://www.911truth.org/
Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth:
http://www.ae911truth.org/

G. Edward Griffin is the authority on the Federal Reserve:
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6507136891691870450#

Noam Chomsky is considered by many as an expert on US Foreign Policy. Go to youtube.com and enter his name in the search window and you can watch many videos. Below is Chomsky’s own website:
http://www.chomsky.info/articles.htm

Shadow Government: How the Secret Global Elite is Using Surveillance Against You by Grant R. Jeffrey is a book from a Christian perspective that you may find very interesting:
http://books.google.com/books?id=XgkpYGk_shoC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=shadow+government&source=bll&ots=Qs1TnbCqiS&sig=QGaNZeQRuwnfv_3BnnKyNQAJXwM&hl=en&ei=lypTTcWxM8_PgAfD27C7Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=12&ved=0CH8Q6AEwCw#v=onepage&tq&f=false

Shadow Government (the video)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjMin39vQK8

Directory of US Political Parties
http://www.politics1.com/parties.htm

US National Political Parties
http://www.greyhawkes.com/ps/parties.html

Life in a Garmet Factory in Bangladesh:
Hidden Cost of Globalization:
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5948263607579389947#

Obama Can Shut Down Internet Under New Emergency Powers Act
http://www.prisonplanet.com/obama-can-shut-down-internet-for-4-months-under-new-emergency-powers.html

It doesn’t matter whether you are a dictator, a democratic leader, head of a charity or a sports organisation, the same things go on. Firstly, you don’t rule by yourself—you need supporters to keep you there, and what determines how you best survive is how many supporters you have and how big a pool you can draw these supporters from.

You can’t personally go around and terrorise everyone. Our poor old struggling Syrian president is not personally killing people on the streets. He needs the support of his family, senior generals who are willing to go out and kill people on his behalf. The common misconception is that you need support from the vast majority of the population, but that’s typically not true. There is all this protest on Wall Street, but CEOs are keeping the people they need to keep happy happy—the members of the board, senior management and a few key investors—because they are the people who can replace them. Protesters on Wall Street have no ability to remove the CEOs. So in a lot of countries the masses are terrified but the supporters are not.

Well, the brilliance of the Soviet regime was not just that you relied on few people, but that there were lots of replacements. In a tsarist system you have to rely only on aristocrats, but in a Soviet system everyone can be your supporter. This puts your core circle on notice that they are easily replaced. That, of course, made them horribly loyal. The Mob are very good at this.

Don’t pay your supporters too much! You don’t want them saving up and forming their own power base. Also, don’t be nice to the people at the expense of your coalition. A classic example is natural disasters. Than Shwe was the ruler of Burma when Cyclone Nargis hit in 2008, and he did nothing to help the people. The Generals didn’t warn anybody; though they knew it was coming, they provided virtually no emergency protection. He sent the army in to prevent the people from leaving the flooded Delta areas. He was the perfect example of a leader who never made the mistake of putting the people’s welfare above himself and his coalition.

It just costs too much to run for Congress today for anyone who’s not fairly well off to do it. And that’s no coincidence. As income inequality goes up, campaign funding from rich donors also goes up. This creates an arms race that effectively precludes anyone who doesn’t have either money of their own or access to wealthy donors from running. And that means that Congress has fewer and fewer members with any real connection to the working world.

With the 2012 presidential election less than a year away, everyone is looking for ways to turn around America with an array of promises on the campaign trail that seemingly give each politician added credence over the others.

Radical times may call for radical ideas. But for Jeff Monson and likeminded others, it doesn’t take a rocket scientist to examine that society could better itself if it tried, in turn propelling America’s economy out of the dumps and towards a future full of prospect.

“I think the first thing we need to do is socialize things,” said Monson, who calls himself an anarchist but is perhaps best known outside of politics but in the realm of sports. Monson, 40, is an American mixed martial artist that holds multiple titles across the globe for his athleticism. Currently, Monson holds the world heavyweight championship title in the International Sport Karate Association.

To the fighter, if America reexamined entities made available to the public and offered more fair and affordable services, society would see an improvement.

Roadblocks line the way to that future, however, and Monson says that one of the biggest is the role that big corporations play in the American way of live. President Obama may have campaigned on promises thought to be capable, but Monson says the commander-in-chief has since run into a brick wall. “Now he has to sacrifice a lot of his ideas,” Monson told RT. Although he may have had best intentions at first, politics in America are bought and sold by the corporations, said the fighter. “You have to get all those people out,” he said. “You have to get the people to make a decision. We live in a Democracy, supposedly, but it’s not really a Democracy—it’s a corporatocracy.”

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